Responses that rarely change are regenerated and re-sent on every request: no cache headers, no CDN, no application cache.
The fix you can use today
Set Cache-Control headers on static assets, with long lifetimes and versioned file names.
Put a CDN in front of static content.
Cache expensive query results in the application where they can go slightly stale.
GreenCode researchers list missing caches as an energy waste to fix.
Tools that help
GreenCode Constitution skill (GreenCode researchers): open-source energy principles and a catalogue of 37 energy anti-patterns that an AI coding agent can follow to find and fix waste like this
WebPageTest: loads a real page and shows every request, its size and when it loaded
How GreenCode helps
GreenCode helps tackle this by scoring a codebase against quality, security and green software patterns in one pass, so a missing cache comes out as a ranked defect alongside the bugs and security findings. More on this.